Plant Biology Practice Test

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• What is the term for tissues produced by apical meristems, which lengthen stems and roots?
• A root that arises from the outermost layer of the pericycle of an established root is called what?
• In the alternation of generations for many plants, the gametophyte forms from a haploid spore produced in the sporangia of the sporophyte generation.
• Which of the following lists pigment types commonly involved in photosynthesis?
• Which term refers to the vascular tissue that transports sugars from leaves to other parts of the plant?
• In the central axis of roots and stems, what is the tissue that contains the xylem and phloem called?
• A tiny extension of a root epidermal cell behind the tip that increases surface area for absorption is what?
• What is the microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis that allows gas exchange?
• A cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that adds layers of secondary vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem.
• Which plant tissue is responsible for producing secondary xylem and secondary phloem in woody plants?
• What carbohydrate serves as the primary storage form of energy in many plant tissues?
• Which experimental approach is associated with refuting spontaneous generation and supporting germ theory?
• In woody plants, which meristematic tissue forms a cylinder that replaces the epidermis with thicker, tougher cork cells?
• Which organelle functions as the cell's cleanup crew by breaking down materials?
• Which is a short, wide water-conducting cell in the xylem that aligns end-to-end to form micropipes?
• Which vascular tissue is responsible for transporting sugars through living cells in a plant?
• The epidermal cells that regulate stomatal aperture are known as?
• Which term describes the ray-producing cell within the vascular cambium?
• What is the term for the waxy barrier in endodermal cells that regulates water movement into the vascular cylinder?
• Which term describes the leaf interior tissue that is rich in chloroplasts and drives photosynthesis?
• Which organelle is the cell's control center, directing all cell activities?
• The outermost single layer of cells covering leaves and stems is called?
• The sticky portion at the top of the pistil where pollen grains land is called the
• Which pigment is orange and contributes to light absorption in photosynthesis?
• What term describes plant tissue that remains embryonic as long as the plant lives, allowing indeterminate growth?
• What structure provides a waxy covering to prevent desiccation?
• Which plant group includes the major cereal crops such as wheat, rice, and maize?
• Which term refers to a cell that remains within the apical meristem as a source of new cells?
• A moss, liverwort, or hornwort is a
• What are the fingerlike projections along the flanks of a shoot apical meristem, from which leaves arise, called?
• Which meristem thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants?
• (1) In flowers, the portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop.
• Which xylem cell type is long and tapered, dead at maturity, and conducts water?
• Who discovered cells in 1665?
• A root system common to monocots consisting of a mat of thin roots spreading out below the soil surface.
• Vascular plant tissue that conducts most of the water and minerals upward from the roots is called
• A root system common to eudicots consisting of one large vertical root that produces many lateral roots.
• Which term names a cell within the vascular cambium that gives rise to xylem and phloem rays and is part of a radial file largely comprised of parenchyma cells?
• What is the technical term for the cone-like structures formed by sporophylls in many gymnosperms?
• Which term denotes the meristem that contributes to the thickening of roots and shoots in woody plants?
• Which term describes a vascular plant that bears naked seeds—seeds not enclosed in specialized chambers?
• The stalk that connects a leaf blade to the stem is called the what?
• Which root zone immediately follows the division zone and is where cells lengthen?
• Which term names a cell within the vascular cambium that produces xylem and phloem rays and is part of a radial file mostly composed of parenchyma cells?
• Which term describes plant tissue that remains embryonic and can give rise to various tissues during growth?
• Casparian strip is best described as which of the following?
• Dermal tissue system of nonwoody plants, usually a single layer of tightly packed cells.
• Which tissue consists mainly of tubular dead cells that conduct most of the water and minerals upward from roots to the rest of the plant?
• Which term best describes the plant tissue system that includes storage, photosynthesis, and general support?
• Which tissue nourishes the developing embryo after double fertilization?
• Which reproductive organ of a flower produces pollen and consists of a filament and an anther?
• Outer protective covering of plants?
• The reproductive organ that includes the stigma, style, and ovary is called what?
• Term for a new cell displaced from an apical meristem and continues to divide until specialized?
• Which leaf tissue lies below the palisade mesophyll and is loosely arranged, facilitating gas exchange?
• The zone of primary growth in roots where cells complete their differentiation and become functionally mature.
• The walnuts, hazelnuts, and pine nuts dated to about 300,000 years before present illustrate what?
• What is the central cylinder of vascular tissue in a root called?
• A strand of vascular tissues (both xylem and phloem) in a stem or leaf.
• Which organelle converts energy in food molecules into energy the cell can use in cellular respiration?
• During plant cell division, which structure forms to separate daughter cells?
• In the life cycle of pteridophytes, which generation is dominant?
• All tissues external to the vascular cambium, consisting mainly of the secondary phloem and layers of periderm, are collectively known as what?
• A long, tapered water-conducting cell that is dead at maturity and is found in the xylem of all vascular plants.
• Which organelle is primarily responsible for transporting proteins and other materials within the cell?
• A vascular plant that bears naked seeds—not enclosed in specialized chambers.
• Which term refers to the early leaf-forming structures that develop on the shoot and give rise to a leaf?
• Legumes and grasses are important to civilization primarily because they provide major sources of what?
• The two cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulate the opening and closing of the pore.
• Which scientists are credited with developing cell theory around 1838?
• What term refers to a structure that can form a lateral shoot and appears at the angle between a leaf and stem?
• Which term refers to a flowering plant that lives for many years?
• A mature fertilized plant ovule consists of an embryo, its food source, and a protective coat. What is this called?
• What term describes the point on a stem where leaves attach?
• Which leaf tissue functions primarily as the site of photosynthesis and lies between the epidermal layers?
• Fibrous organ that anchors nonvascular plants to the root.
• A protective covering around a leaf vein, consisting of one or more cell layers, usually parenchyma, is called what?
• Which structure helps support and protect the cell?
• Non-vascular land plants lacking many terrestrial adaptations belong to which group?
• Which plant tissue is composed mainly of tubular dead cells and conducts most of the water and minerals upward?
• Which term describes a flowering plant with two cotyledons and netlike veins in leaves?
• Which term describes a sclerenchyma cell that is typically irregular and found in nutshells and seed coats?
• Which pigments give leaves their green color in most seasons?
• Which cell type is described as relatively unspecialized and capable of developing into other cell types?
• The zone of primary growth in roots where new cells elongate, sometimes up to ten times their original length.
• Which organelle takes in materials from the Endoplasmic Reticulum and sends them to other parts of the cell?
• Which term best describes a structural unit composed of tissues that performs a specific function in the plant body?
• The seed leaf that develops as part of the seed, provides nutrients to the developing seedling, and becomes the first leaf of the plant is called what?
• Ground tissue that is between the vascular tissue and dermal tissue in a root or dicot stem is called what?
• In flowering plants, the haploid male gametophytes are produced in the
• Angiosperm with one cotyledon inside its seed, flower parts arranged in multiples of three, and vascular tissues in bundles scattered throughout the stem.
• In an angiosperm, what is the short stem with modified leaves bearing structures for sexual reproduction?
• Which organ anchors a plant and enables it to absorb water and nutrients from the soil?
• Vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant is known as what?
• What is the primary function of the Casparian strip in plant roots?
• Which tissue in the root gives rise to lateral roots?
• An angiosperm with two cotyledons inside its seed, flower parts in multiples of four or five, and vascular bundles in rings is a
• Which crop is NOT among the four most important crops listed?
• Plant tissues that are neither vascular nor dermal, fulfilling a variety of functions, such as storage, photosynthesis, and support.
• In plants, gametes are produced in a multicellular structure called a ?
• The Latin phrase Omnis cellula e cellula describes which concept, meaning that all cells arise from preexisting cells?
• Embryonic tissue at the tip of a shoot, made up of developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes.
• Which term refers to growth produced by apical meristems that lengthens stems and roots?
• What is the term for the growth pattern in which a plant continues to grow throughout its life?
• Gametangia are associated with which phase of the plant life cycle?
• Which term describes a flowering plant with one cotyledon in the seed?
• The technical term for clusters of sporophylls known commonly as cones, found in most gymnosperms and some seedless vascular plants.
• Which term describes a flowering plant that produces seeds within an ovary?
• Which term refers to tiny particles produced by seed plants that contain the cells that later become sperm cells?
• Which organelle is the cell's digestive system, breaking down waste materials?
• Which structure on the pistil is the sticky landing site for pollen grains?
• Which tissue is the outermost layer of the vascular cylinder of a root, where lateral roots originate?
• Which structure controls what substances go in and out of the cell?
• Ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue in a stem; in many monocot roots, parenchyma cells form the central core of the vascular cylinder. What is this tissue called?
• The structure in flowers that produces pollen grains is the
• Who discovered the nucleus in 1831?
• Which pigments are primarily involved in photosynthesis in land plants?
• What is the cone of cells at the tip of a plant root that protects the apical meristem called?
• A modified leaf of a flowering plant. Petals are the often colorful parts of a flower that advertise it to insects and other pollinators.
• A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that prevents desiccation is called
• Which term refers to a vascular plant that is flowerless and seedless with true roots from a rhizome and fronds that uncurl upward?
• A nutrient-rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm cell with two polar nuclei during double fertilization, nourishing the embryo in angiosperms
• Which tissue in woody plants produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem, contributing to lateral growth?
• Which term best describes a structural unit that consists of multiple tissues and performs a specific function in the plant body?
• Which structure primarily regulates substance exchange between the cell and its environment?
• The domestication of plants and animals occurred about 10,000 to 12,000 years ago. This development contributed to the rise of what?
• What is the protective cap of gametophyte tissue covering an immature moss capsule called?
• Who argued that all cells come from preexisting cells, opposing spontaneous generation?
• What is the ground tissue of a leaf, located between the upper and lower epidermis and specialized for photosynthesis?
• Which plant cell type forms flexible strands that support young parts of the plant without restraining growth?
• What term describes slender filaments functioning as roots in mosses, ferns, and fungi?
• Which cell organelle stores materials?
• Which term describes the protective tissue that surrounds the leaf vein, typically comprising multiple layers of parenchyma?
• What is the stalk of a leaf that joins the leaf to a node of the stem called?
• The slender, elongated part of the pistil between the ovary and the stigma is the
• What is the small raised area in the bark that enables gas exchange between living cells and the outside air?
• Vascular tissue responsible for the transport of nutrients and the carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis.
• Which plant organ has an alternating system of nodes and internodes that support the leaves and reproductive structures?
• Which term describes a rigid, supportive plant cell type usually lacking protoplasts and possessing thick secondary walls lignified at maturity?
• Which fibrous organ anchors nonvascular plants to the substrate?
• The outermost circle of flower parts that encloses the bud and protects the developing flower is called what?
• In leaves, what is the term for a major water-conducting vascular structure?
• A lignified cell type that reinforces the xylem of angiosperms and functions in mechanical support; a slender, tapered sclerenchyma cell that usually occurs in bundles.
• A plant that nourishes itself but grows on the surface of another plant for support, usually on the trunks or branches of tropical trees
• Which group of seedless vascular plants includes ferns and has a dominant sporophyte generation, with both male and female structures on the same gametophyte?
• Which term refers to the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower?
• What is the transfer of pollen from male reproductive structures to female reproductive structures in plants called?
• Which organelle is the site of cellular respiration?
• What term refers to the tissues produced by apical meristems that lengthen stems and roots?
• Which organelle receives materials from the Endoplasmic Reticulum and ships them to other parts of the cell?
• Which organelle makes proteins?
• Which tissue lies between the vascular tissue and the outer dermal layer in roots or dicot stems?
• Which term is the stalk of a stamen?
• Which plant cell type is lignified and supports xylem, often found in bundles?
• Innermost layer of the cortex in roots; boundary between cortex and vascular cylinder?
• Which term refers to extensive deposits of undecayed organic material formed primarily from Sphagnum?
• Which term refers to the substance whose constant motion allows organelles and other materials to move around the cell?
• Which set of crops is listed as the four most important plants?
• Growth that stops after reaching a certain size?
• The term for a flowering plant that completes its life cycle in a single year or growing season is called what?
• Which root zone is where root cells differentiate and become mature?
• The vascular tissue of a stem or root is called the?
• Which term best describes the colorful part of a flower that attracts pollinators?
• Which organelle carries proteins and other materials from one part of the cell to another?
• What does the 300,000-year record of walnuts, hazelnuts, and pine nuts illustrate about plant history?
• A thinner region in the walls of tracheids and vessels where only the primary wall is present is called what?
• Which organelle is described as making proteins?
• What is the main photosynthetic organ of most plants?
• A short, irregular sclerenchyma cell in nutshells and seed coats scattered through the parenchyma is called what?
• A type of plant cell connected to a sieve-tube member by many plasmodesmata and whose nucleus and ribosomes may serve one or more adjacent sieve-tube members is known as what?
• Which root system is typical of monocots?
• Starch in plants is best described as which type of molecule?
• Which term describes a living cell that conducts sugars in the phloem and forms sieve tubes?
• Which root zone contains the root apical meristem and is responsible for initial cell production?
• The zone of primary growth in roots that contains the root apical meristem and its derivatives, where new root cells are produced.
• What is the main structural component of the plant cell wall?
• Which term describes the filament, the stalk of a stamen?
• The inner part of an ovary that contains an egg.
• Which flexible plant cell type occurs in strands or cylinders that support young parts of the plant without restraining growth?
• Which cell type is relatively unspecialized and carries out most metabolism, synthesizes and stores organic products, and can develop into a more differentiated cell type?
• What is the continuous water-conducting micropipe found in most angiosperms and a few nonflowering vascular plants?
• Which organelle uses energy from sunlight to synthesize sugars?
• Which leaf tissue is composed of tightly packed, vertically oriented cells rich in chloroplasts and located near the upper surface?
• What is the ovule-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary?
• In woody plants, which cylinder of meristematic tissue replaces the epidermis with thicker, tougher cork cells?
• A mature ovary of a flower that protects dormant seeds and aids in their dispersal.
• Contents of a plant cell excluding the cell wall are called what?
• Which life cycle category describes a flowering plant that requires two years to complete its life cycle?
• Which ground tissue is located between the vascular tissue and the dermal tissue in a root or dicot stem?
• Growth produced by lateral meristems that thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants is known as what?
• Who experimentally disproved spontaneous generation in 1862?
• Which term describes growth produced by apical meristems that lengthens stems and roots?
• What is the term for the segment of a plant stem between the points where leaves are attached?
• Which protective coat replaces the epidermis during secondary growth in plants, formed of the cork and cork cambium?
• What is the flattened, broad portion of a typical leaf called?